A Formalist Approach On A Short Story - 1694 Words

LATE PASS Michael Wraa Professor Joyce Heyman English 110 15 February 2015 A Formalist Approach to a Short Story There are so many different things one can learn from reading a story. Stories vary in length but it seems that your appetite for reading will gauge the kind of stories you elect to read. People who enjoy long thought out complex reading will enjoy much longer published works than what a short story has to offer. However there is a large population in the world of people who do not want to spend days on end reading a novel that is several hundred pages long and takes days to convey a simple message. In fact, many people want just the opposite in their reading. Many readers want a story that is short, sweet, and to the point. Something that they don’t need to spend hours or weeks on end reading but instead can get the exact same message or meaning from instead of having to spend a ridiculous amount of time reading a much larger work. Authors often want readers use the Formalist approach when reading these short stories as authors use words to convey the same message or meaning in less text than a much longer published work with hundreds of pages, it does this by using the text itself as a canvas for creativity. The Formalist approach is a great tool when it comes to writing short stories, and its use in Good Country People by Flannery O’Connor is classic example of how the Formalist Approach can be so effective in such a short story. Authors are incrediblyShow MoreRelatedI’m Going! A Comedy in One Act by Tristan Bernard862 Words   |  3 Pagesof this paper to analyze Tristan Bernard’s play titled â€Å"I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act† using the formalist approach. â€Å"I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act† is a farce about a married-life conversation between Henri and Jeanne that is â€Å"†¦exaggerated to a ridiculous level to create humor–and comment on inflexible human behavior† (Clugston, 2010). Moreover, a farce according to our text is â€Å"a comed y; a short play, in which both subtle humor and hilarity are developed through improbable situations, exaggerationRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1270 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† thoroughly examines the life of a strange woman name Emily Grierson who lives in the town of Jefferson. If we examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in terms of formalist criticism, we see that the story dramatizes through setting, plot, characterization, and symbolism on how Miss Emily’s life is controlled by a possessive love she had for her father and lover. William Faulkner uses Emily’s life as the protagonist to examine from a formalist aspect. In orderRead MoreGospel of Luke Analysis660 Words   |  3 Pageschose the short story of from The Gospel of Luke- Story of a Lost Son. This captured my attention because it is a religious story from the bible. This story represents a certain Tone (The mood or attitude reflected in a literary work; it is important in identifying how the author approaches a subject and conveys it to readers. (Clugston, 2010)) of moral theme. Throughout the story we see examples of jealousy, envy, regret, forgiveness and a father’s undying love. I will use the Formalist approachRead MoreClassical Movie Theories And Realism1433 Words   |  6 Pages Short Critical Essay #3 – Option 2 Classical film theories are generally divided into two main camps. They have been categorized as Formalism and Realism. The formalist approach looks at the structure and form of the film. It analyzes the method by which the story materializes and how it forces the viewer to react based on the way it is presented. It incorporates character development, photographic composition, camera movement, set design, editing, etc. to that end. The realist approach scrutinizesRead MoreOedipus: Aristotelian or Formalist Theory772 Words   |  4 Pagesspeech at the end of scene one of Sophocles’ play Oedipus Rex is fairly short but it is in this encounter between Oedipus and Teiresias where the main conflict of the story begins to unfold. This is a pivotal speech in the play as it helps to develop some of the major themes in the play as well as begin to build up the tragic irony at the center of the story. When this speech is analyzed using either Aristotelian or Formalist theory key el ements can be found that are effective in increasing theRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman1099 Words   |  5 Pagesby Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The piece of work concentrates on many different aspects of literature. It can be evaluated with ten different types of literary criticism: formalist, biographical, historical, psychological, mythological, sociological, gender, reader-response, deconstructionist, and cultural studies. Formalist criticism regards human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms. It concentrates around the style, structure, imagery, tone, and genre. In The Yellow WallpaperRead MoreThe Human Need For Realistic Representations2175 Words   |  9 Pagesconsidering both sides carefully, I have come to the conclusion that the formalist approach to filmmaking is superior to realism, and I will be defending Arnheim’s view that the tendency towards realism takes away from the true artistic power of film. To support this argument, I will discuss the use of multiple camera angles and editing that not only show the expertise of the director, but also allow the director to tell a fuller story that is more entertaining and indicative of what the movie is aboutRead MoreFormalism : The Rocking Horse Winner, And Annie Dillard s Essay, Living Like Weasels804 Words   |  4 PagesCleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critics, Brooks emphasizes how you should criticize content by the form and structure of the work. Formalism is seen through English in the way literary works are structured. Formalism is reveled in the Am erican government. Formalism is also shown in the structure of filmmaking. In almost any work of art or content, the concept of formalism is applied to everything. In English, formalism is seen to discuss the connection between D.H. Lawrence’s short story â€Å"The Rocking-HorseRead MoreA Sorrowful Woman Theme1205 Words   |  5 Pages The short story, â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† is a story with a very accurate title. This story is about a woman who grows tired of being a wife and a mother and in a sense, abandons her husband and son by staying locked up in the bedroom while they are home. She rarely comes out and has little interaction with her son. She has some good days where she will spend time with the son but it is often ended because the son does something she does not like. The main theme of this short story is companionship asRead MoreThe Style Of David Fincher s Se7en1386 Words   |  6 Pagescrucially contribute to the film’s significance and effectiveness in relation to its framework Table of Contents 1. Introduction ii 2. Discussion vi 2.1 Frameworks of References vi 2.1.1 Historical Context vi 2.1.2 Authorship vii 2.1.3 Genre viii 2.2. Story Telling ix 2.2.1 Storyline ix 2.2.2 Clarity of Plot x 2.2.3 Plot Relevance xi 2.2.4 Complexity of Characters xii 2.2.5 Background of Motivations and Objectives of Main Characters xiii 2.2.6 Flashbacks and Ending xiii 2.3. Acting, Art Direction and

Professional Writing Practitioners in Australia - 788 Words

Solely based on the exceeding statistics it would appear that professional and creative writing fails to provide a guarantee of employment once a degree has been obtained. Research conducted by Graduate Careers Australia (2014), emphasises these figures by illustrating where graduates progress to within specialist employment four months after completion of their degree. The results demonstrated 60.6% of graduates from a language and literature based degree maintained full time employment after graduation (Graduate Careers Australia, 2014, 02). This was almost a 5% decline from graduates who had obtained full time employment in 2012 (GCA, 2013, 02). From the remainder of graduates, 24.7% had obtained part time or casual work and 14.7% were still seeking employment (GCA, 2014, 02). From the graduates who obtained degrees in the language and literature sector, 41.1% enrolled in further full time study after graduation (GCA, 2013, 01). These statistics are focalised on specialist careers within the industry. However, creative and professional writers in the 21st century are obtaining more work through freelancing, while maintaining a part time job through embedded employment. Embedded employees are viewed as outside of the language and literature discipline and freelancers are recognised as unemployed, therefore displaying the statistics as underreported. Modern practioners who are self-employed, freelance writers depend on a ‘portfolio career’ (Inkson 2008, 549) to gather theirShow MoreRelatedPublic Relations Institute Of Australia1158 Words   |  5 Pages1.1 The Career The Public Relations Institute of Australia defines the occupation of Public Relations as The deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organisation (or individual) and its (or their) publics. Job Outlook explains, â€Å"Public Relation Professionals plan, develop, implement and evaluate information and communication strategies that create an understanding and a favourable view of organisations, their goods and services, and theirRead MoreConsent : An Definition Of Consent1347 Words   |  6 Pagesis a highly discussed topic amongst all working fields within Australia. Consent is the art of agreeing this can be portrayed in three different ways; implied, verbal or written. Implied consent is often given for simple or routine procedures with common knowledge and a broad understanding of the procedure, implied consent is often conveyed by actions. Verbal consent is expressed verbally. Finally written consent is provided in writing and is the most common kind of consent and this is used as documentaryRead MoreThe Importance Of Reflection And How It Aids The Professional Development Of A Newly Graduated Nurse1622 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many demanding professional ad justments when transitioning from student nurse to graduate nurse and the use of refection during this time is said to be a very important tool in guiding the learning process. It is common in the field of nursing to utilise reflection to critically analyse certain experiences and reflect on how they made them feel and react. This involves looking deeper into a particular experience and deciding what was good, what was bad and what would be a better courseRead MoreThe Effects Of Ageism On The Delivery Of Nursing Care For The Older Person1736 Words   |  7 Pagesverbal through language, tones and sounds, and it can be non-verbal through physical actions, writing, signals, sign language, gestures, body language, neglect and actions (social studies resource website, 2016). Ageism, also known as ageist, is accompanied by a lot of false accusations and assumptions about the elderly population. Ageist assumptions that can be held by some health care practitioners include that the elderly often have untreatable medical and mental issues, senility is a naturalRead MoreMain Legal Issues Of The Australian Charter Of Healthcare Rights1333 Words   |  6 Pagesan assault or battery. 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The conflict rule is extracted in Annexure A hereto. Patent and Trade Marks Attorneys in Australia are subject to the Code of ConductRead MoreThe Moral Principles Of Health Care1040 Words   |  5 Pagesto Paul and Ian (2009), it provides a comprehensive description of how medical practitioners should behave but sometime It confuses the roles of ethics and law in medicine, leading to inappropriate and mistaken injunctions about decision making and responsibilities. According to Sturman et al. (2014, p.8), there is a need to explore common ethical issues like confidentiality, writing medical certificates, professional boundaries and affordability of health care in contexts which are relevant to studentsRead MoreThe World Of Law Enforcement And Crime Laboratories959 Words   |  4 Pagescrime laboratories, there is always a great need to train newly hired crime scene investigators and laboratory analysts. In addition, continuing education to gain or maintain certifications and/or laboratory accreditation is important to keep profession als up to date with the newest technologies and techniques. However, in the United States, licensing and certification for crime scene and laboratory personnel is not usually required, but often noted as a preferred or desired qualification (NCR, 2009)Read MoreJournalists And Public Relations Practitioners1327 Words   |  6 PagesRelations (PR) practitioners interact with each other every day as part of the process of news production. Journalists communicate towards public relations practitioners with requests for information or material to help produce the stories they are writing. While public relations practitioners advise stories and deliver journalists with information they have created themselves in hope to be published in the newspaper. The relationship between journalists and public relations practitioners is, and hasRead MoreA Case At Beenleigh Magistrates Courthouse1581 Words   |  7 Pagesin specific areas. As practitioners grasping how theories concerning fundamental principals of social policy have implications for human services agencies and for the individuals who are the users of the services (Carson Kerr, 2014). This paper will discuss a case observed at Beenleigh Magistrates Courthouse. It will also look at the multiple roles and responsibilities of Human Service professionals appearing in the legal system, as well as the importance of ethical writing and possible tensions

Flowers for algernon 4 Essay Example For Students

Flowers for algernon 4 Essay FLOWERS FOR ALGERNON SUPPLEMENTARY BOOK REVIEWThe book, Flowers for Algernon, was an exciting science fiction novel written by Daniel Keyes. The main characters of the story are the central character, Charlie, who is a mentally retarded individual involvedin a remarkable experiment which increased his I.Q., Alice, a teacher atthe special education faculty at Beekman College who taught Charlie how toread and write, the professors who performed the experiment on Charlie,Fay, one of Charlies aquaintances which he meets as the book progresses,and last but not least Algernon. The novel is exciting and contains very original material. The moodswhich are created in the reader, being me, are ones of sorrow, anger, andguilt. One of the elements of the story which contributes greatly to themood the reader experiences would be the plot. In the story, Charlie, issubject to an experiment which increases his intelligence in hopes ofknowing more in the soul purpose of impressing people to gain friends. Unfortunately some of his anticipations were not met. The main characters in the novel include Charlie, Alice, Algernon, andFay, a character who did not make much of an appearance, but in my eyesbelieved, that she played a very important part in Charlies involvement intrying to sort out his past and figure out his present and future plans. Charlie is a mentally retarded person who has impressing people and gainingfriends as one of his top priorities. He then hears of an experiment whichcould possibly make him smart. He makes himself subject to this humanexperiment with the hopes of gaining knowledge in a sole purpose of gainingfriends. As the book progresses, Charlie goes through dramatic changesmentally, and instead of making him gain friends he actually is looked onin the same way if not worse. For example, at Charlies old work hisfriends made fun of him and enjoyed his company just because Charlie hadamused them. Yet after the operation, Charlie discovers that he had notmade his friends like him more, but in actual fact, had pushed them away. Charlie understood now that his friends had done to him in the past, andstarts to look down upon them. Alice, Charlies teacher, is the person whointroduced Charlie to the idea of giving the experiment a chance. Shebelieves that Charlie has the determination, desire, and will power to makethe experiment work. She then, later on in the book, gets emotionallyinvolved with Charlie and helps Charlie learn more about himself. Algernon, is a lab animal who also has the experiment done on him and asresult makes him smarter than the average mouse. Algernon also plays avery important part in the novel because he represents Charlie andforeshadows what will happen to Charlie later on in the book. Fay, is anartist who certainly has views on life which can be rarely found in anindividual. As the book progresses, Fay, helps Charlie reveal his physicaland emotional capabilities. There are many exciting parts which occur in the book, yet onehowever, in my opinion which proved to be the most memorable would probablybe when he had been trying to find what had gone wrong in the experimentbefore the inevitable happened to him. After he had discovered what hadgone wrong he had started to descend down the escalator of intelligence andattempted to make several desperate attempts to try and walk up anescalator going down. The only thing that I do not agree with is how the book concludes. .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 , .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 .postImageUrl , .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 , .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9:hover , .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9:visited , .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9:active { border:0!important; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9:active , .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9 .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u214814f3a87d01ab21d4dc04d1e1acf9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Stem Cell Dilemma EssayThe conclusion of the book in my eyes leaves the reader hanging like this. If I would make a change I would write about what happened afterCharlie Gordons death. An example of this would be possible progress andsuccess in the field, or maybe because of the events which had occurred inthe past in this field, it was given up for dead, or maybe Fay or Alicehad conceived a child and grew older had pursued his/her fatherstheory/discovery which in turn leads into a sequel. If anyone were to askme if they should read Flowers For Algernon, I would regard it as anexcellent book to read because it makes the reader think of how a mentallyretarded person feels, and mabye will show us a new respect for them. Thisbook has made me realize just how much more determination a mentallyretarded person could possibly have, and makes me realize just how lucky normal people really are.

Party Tourism; the Effects of a Drug Sub-Culture in Ibiza Essay Example

Party Tourism; the Effects of a Drug Sub-Culture in Ibiza Paper The following report examines the impact of party tourism in Ibiza, Spain. Ibiza has been widely regarded as the best spot for party tourism in the world and the amount of tourists visiting the destination for the sole purpose of partying replicates this trend. However, this type of tourism is not ideal and the pressure it creates on a small destination is quite extensive. The report gives insight into the amount of drugs taken by individuals, with the findings indicating the majority of visitors who use back home increase their amount when holidaying in Ibiza. For those who do not use at home, 16 per cent experimented for the first time while in Ibiza. Details are also given into the usage patterns of casual labour working in Ibiza over the summer period. The report shows the impact drugs have on a destination and in particular Ibiza, where increase in crime has become a major issue with gangs fighting for the drug trade. Moreover, a description for the potential damage this tourism market has on a destination’s image is reported, with most other forms of tourists beginning to relocate elsewhere. A comparison with an Australian Capital City is entailed. The results show similar drug usage, however Melbourne has more government support for strategies combating the use of illicit drugs in nightclubs. Finally, some recommendations of potential strategies to minimise drug consumption in Ibiza are discussed at the conclusion of the paper. Introduction 90 kilometres off the coast of Spain lays the island of Ibiza, home to 2. 6 million visitors per annum (Botsford, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Party Tourism; the Effects of a Drug Sub-Culture in Ibiza specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Party Tourism; the Effects of a Drug Sub-Culture in Ibiza specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Party Tourism; the Effects of a Drug Sub-Culture in Ibiza specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The figure may not seem immense, although considering Spain recorded an annual visitation number of 53. million in 2006 (UNWTO, 2007), and up to date tourist numbers in Ibiza would to represent a high increase in tourism arrivals, it is a large number in relation to the tourism market Ibiza attracts. Previously known for a culture of laid back attitudes and a hippie orientated life style, Ibiza soon started to attract tourism growth with the increase of music events and nightclub developments from owners already established in the United Kingdom (Horner, Swarbrooke, 2004: 230). Over the course of four decades stretching from the 70’s, Ibiza’s tourist market began to alter. The easy going lifestyle and relaxed atmosphere started to disperse, instead changing into a destination of constant late night partying and drug influenced tourists. â€Å"Ibiza has become synonymous over the past two decades with the drug-infested clubbing, or raving, subculture. Every summer, young tourists visit the destination and escape into drugs, alcohol, non-stop dancing and anonymous sexâ€Å" states (Harman, 2002). (Curley, 2007) reinforces this comment, although suggests that the drug culture has been symbolic for decades, â€Å"since late 1960’s drugs have been a factor in attracting tourists to Ibiza†. The increasing demand for party tourism in Ibiza has seen an increase in the amount of drugs available in nightclubs and party spots in Ibiza. (Chesshyre, 2001) supports this matter by stating, â€Å"Drugs, if you want them, are freely available in Ibiza. I was approached countless times during my visit. † Instances like these would be considered remarkable if, for instance, were reported from Venice or Hawaii, but it would appear now that this drug sub-culture that rules Ibiza has affected the island on many levels. However, there is the perception that Ibiza has become dependant on party tourism for economic growth and for the summer months when the party tourists are there, Ibiza residents like Pablo Vincente resent the clubbers, but benefit from the tourism money they bring in. â€Å"We complain, but we need them† (Harman, 2002). For the party tourist, why would you go anywhere else to experience the nightlife? This is the destination that charges 12 euros for a standard alcoholic beverage, but yet the cost of a pill that keeps you going for hours cost 5 (Govan, 2007). The question to be addressed however is what damage is this tourism market having on Ibiza’s destination image and local residents? Drug use patterns in Ibiza A key factor in the increasing use of recreational drugs is their association with nightclubs and dance music (Forsyth, Barnard McKeganey, 1997). The modern phenomenon of clubbing (late-night dancing, often in combination with drug use) was imported, largely from Ibiza, by individuals holidaying abroad and then returning to recreate the combination of modern dance music and ecstasy use in their country of resident (Garret, 1998, p. 29). The figures below show the increases in drug use and sexual activity in Ibiza by first time users and the increase in drug taking for those who use at home and then when visiting Ibiza. Tourist Tourists who use recreational drugs in their home of origin have a propensity to increase their levels of substance use when in Ibiza. (Bellis, Hale, Bennett, Chaudry Kilfoyle, 2001) undertook a study to compare drug use among UK residents to that of their use in Ibiza. The key findings of the report found that 12 per cent of 16 to 29 year olds in the UK general population have used recreational drugs at some time, however in Ibiza 51. per cent of young visitors use illegal drugs on holiday. Of the major party drugs, 43. 1 per cent of tourists use ecstasy, 37. 5 per cent use cannabis and 24. 6 per cent use cocaine. For first time users â€Å"an increasing number of young British holidaymakers begin experimenting with illicit drugs at top clubbing resorts† (Bjortomt, 2003). The same author reports that those taking ecstasy in Ibiza for the first time has risen 16% from 1999 to 2002. 17. 4 and 33. 1 per 1000 people were introduced to cocaine and ecstasy use, respectively in Ibiza. For those tourists who constantly use recreational drugs at their place of origin, (Hughes, et. l, 2004) identifies that for ecstasy, 2. 9% of users in the UK who used the drug 5 or more times a week rose to 42. 6% whilst holidaying in Ibiza. Seasonal Employee Those people who travel to Ibiza for seasonal work in holiday resorts, nightclubs or bars (Hughes, Bellis Chaudry, 2004) conducted a survey to identify the level of drug use among casual labour in Ibiza, compared to that of visitors from the UK. As the research determines, those participating in casual labour are more likely to use illicit drugs when working in Ibiza than when working in the UK. Furthermore, casual labour used different types of drugs more frequent but used drugs on average two days a week, less frequent than recreational tourists in Ibiza. Sexual activity patterns in Ibiza Tourist Major concern for the island and home origin of the tourist is the amount of sexual activity that is evident in Ibiza. (Bellis, Hale, Bennett, Chaudry Kilfoyle, 2001) identify that 53. 8 per cent of tourists to Ibiza had sexual intercourse during their stay, with 26. 2 per cent not using protection and 23. 2 per cent having more than one sexual partner. These figures indicate a major problem for the spread of sexually transmitted infections in both Ibiza, with multiple partners being used without protection, and then the transference of these diseases to the home destination. Seasonal Employee For casual labour on the island, (Hughes Bellis, 2006) identify that 80. 5 per cent of casual labour in Ibiza had sexual intercourse with 65. 5 per cent having unprotected sex. The mix of drugs and sex among tourists and casual labour has become a risk for the sexual health of individuals and a potential conduit for the international spread of sexually transmitted infections. Destination Ibiza as a sense of ‘freedom’ The increase in drug taking and sexual activity can be described by (Dann, 2007) who developed a paper titled ‘Tourist Behaviour As Controlled Freedom’ with the purpose of identifying the correlation between a tourists perception of appropriate behaviour when on holiday to that of when they are in their home of origin. The paper suggests tourists assume the perception that the home environment portrays a lack of freedom to the individual through the idealisation of government laws and the sense that their lives are somewhat controlled by the notion of what is right and what is wrong. For the individual looking for a tourism experience, the event of taking a holiday can create a temporary respite from social incarceration – the pressures of a normal existence. Dann’s model in contrast with Ibiza is best described by (Bjortomt, 2003) as, â€Å"once abroad in Ibiza, the sense of freedom and atmosphere of excess means that some individuals who have never used drugs experiment. † It emphasises the argument from Dann that the individual gets empowered by the thought of ‘no boundaries’ whilst on holiday. With Spain playing host to 58. 5 million tourists in 2006 (UNWTO, 2007), and most of them looking for the escape of sun and sand, it’s a probable thought that the individual who visits Ibiza is looking to challenge the system that restricts them on a daily basis in their home environment. Influence of drugs in Ibiza The Tourism Market Once thought of as a hot-spot for lucrative market tourists, the new breed of tourism that Ibiza now attracts rivals most world destinations in terms of returning visitors (Nash, 2008). This new tourism market is known as party tourism. (Horner Swarbrook, 2004: 236) define party tourists as â€Å"tourists travelling to a destination with the purpose of experiencing the nightlife of a destination†¦consisting of dancing, consuming alcohol and as this report indicates, participating in drug related activities. The scope of party tourists that enter Ibiza is from a large population. (Gardiner, 2007) states that, â€Å"Ibiza attracts party people of every age and demographic. However, (Hughes, 2004) reports that 250 000 Britain’s aged between 18 and 30 travel there each year, suggesting that they are the main scope of the tourism market. A Drug Based Economy Just before the start of the 2007 clubbing season, three of Ibiza’s major nightclubs were closed down by police in what they described as â€Å"a preventative measure to make these clubs deal with the issue of drug dealing and consumption of patrons inside the venues† (Botsford, 2001). The closure lasted one month. The statement is an example of how much the Ibiza economy relies on tourists to support it. If local law enforcement agencies cannot implement a strategy long enough for it to have effect, as lost economic income is too great, then implementing any strategies that targets nightclubs will not be effective. Property Value The drug culture impacts highly on property owners in Ibiza. The seasonality of tourists entering Ibiza chasing the warm beach weather has implications on owners who rely on party tourists to rent their properties for various lengths of stay. (McDonald, 2007) reports that the hot, hedonistic summer period is when owners of rental properties will make most, if not all of their money. (Warncke, 2007) reports that when three of the islands major nightclubs, DC-10, Bora Bora and the world-famous Amnesia were closed in early 2007, it had a damaging effect on the tourism industry on the island. â€Å"News of the closures led to people cancelling their trips to the island,† stated (McDonald, 2007). Reliance on tourists for business income and employment For the summer periods in Ibiza, locals rely on the vast number of tourists entering the island to generate a majority of their income. Furthermore, the party tourism market that comes seasonally generates a large number of jobs for locals and working tourists (Hughes Bellis, 2006). Strategies by police and tourism officials with the purpose of restricting party tourism would damage the direct spending of visitors through fewer arrivals, therefore economic income for local businesses and employment opportunities would decrease. Suppliers of illegal drugs High concern for the Ibiza Tourism Commission has to be the amount of illegal drug supply that is easily available to those who want it (Chesshyre, 2001). The majority of supply is coming from the UK through rival drug dealers –one from Liverpool, the other a mixture of people from Newcastle and Morocco (Counzens, 2006). The article proposes that expat gangs have traditionally moved their operations to feed the summer demand for ecstasy and cocaine in Ibiza’s nightlife scene. The introduction of rival suppliers has had devastating impacts in Ibiza. (Townsend, 2006) reports that a spate of contract killings, some of Britain’s most wanted criminals and an illegal drug trade that links San Antonio to drug syndicates in most major UK cities are evident in Ibiza. In the same article, it is revealed that, â€Å"police believe hundreds of kilos of cocaine and hundreds of thousands of ecstasy tablets have been successfully dispatched to the 12-mile strip of sand and rock in the Mediterranean. † The supply of illegal drugs into Ibiza is an issue that needs to be addressed by governments in Ibiza and the UK. It is evident that the main supply comes from the UK, therefore the UK government has a duty to stop the illegal supply of drugs exiting their country and as shown, infecting another. Ibiza doesn’t have the resources to stop the supply of hard drugs entering their country, and assistance is required from the UK. Nightclubs and Police Involvement It is unclear whether nightclub owners and their employees and local law enforcement and are involved in the facilitation of drug dealing within the clubs however (Chesshyre, 2001) suggests that the island has tactically accepted drug dealing, and that police have effectively turned a blind eye to the problem for fear of destroying a lucrative tourist industry that attracts thousands of visitors each summer. Moreover, when asking a nightclub owner what would happen if police were to crack down on drugs in clubs, he noted, â€Å"I think most of the clubs would go under – and that just won’t happen†¦drug culture is one of the most important parts of clubs. † Consequence of a party culture Destination Image Ibiza first attracted the attention of artists, models, movie stars and musicians in the 60s and 70s. It was then the hippie clique descended on the island to practice yoga or to enjoy all-night parties and philosophical conversations around bonfires on the beach. The island had the image of a place to relax, somewhere to lose oneself in the tranquillity of sand and sun. Fast forward to the 80s and Ibizas hippie attraction was starting to fade. By then the island had begun to carve out a reputation as the place to go if you wanted the best nightclub experience that Europe perhaps even the world had to offer (NW, 2007). The shift in destination image also changed the tourism market. Tourists are now looking for the all night dance experience that floods the streets of Ibiza. Josefa Mari, head of Ibiza’s tourism and economic department, states that â€Å"the clubbing scene forms only a tiny part of what the island offers, but it’s what defines us internationally, and it’s damaged our image† (Nash, 2008). Ibiza is not alone in terms of the destination image being revolved around all night partying. Miami, South Florida, is also world renowned for tourists looking for the party experience whilst soaking up the sun on the beach during the day (McClure, 2008). However, Ibiza’s differentiation strategy, whether they want it or not, is dangerous. Ibiza is directly linked to the notion that a drug-culture is embedded in the tourism experience, as (Chesshyre, 2001) notes â€Å"drugs, if you want them, are freely available in Ibiza. † (Nash, 2008) suggests Ibiza’s tourism and economic department are trying to push the focus of Ibiza tourism to more nature-based experiences, with the hard partying scene being scaled down and in some cities, phased out. It would appear though, through the lack-lustre effort to control the party scene for the past decade, significant damage to Ibiza’s destination image has been done. Crime The impact of crime increase in Ibiza has damaged the belief of safety that an individual demands when participating in tourism (Weaver Lawton, 2006: 104). The rivalry between gangs competing for drug market-share has spilled out into the streets, affecting the safety of tourists visiting Ibiza. (Couzens, 2006) reports that a â€Å"shocking street gunfight between rival British gangs erupted with an 18 year old man touring the island shot in the face, spending a week in the hospital and another man being hit in the chest. Neither of the two had affiliations with the gangs. Other reports of crime rise come from (Fuchs, 2006) who reported that a group of tourists staying in a high-rise apartment were broken into twice in one week, having their belongings stolen on both accounts. (Marinos, 2004) identifies that Spain has one of the highest rates of drug related rapes in the world, with 244 rape victims reported in 2002. Crime experiences like these affect Ibiza in two ways. Firstly, there is an element of cocooning among tourists when they enter a resort on the island. They will often stay close to the resort and wont venture across the island in fears of having being burgled or worse, raped. Secondly, Ibiza is trying to change its destination image. Tourists who can change this are those who spend money in the communities and are their for a relaxation experience, not partying. However, this tourist demographic will not visit the island if they feel a sense of insecurity. If Ibiza is too attract a new tourism markets, or increase markets they see as importance in changing their destination image, then the government needs to take a string stand on eradicating their underlying drug-culture. Drugs In Nightclubs: An Australian Perspective In the capital city of Melbourne, Victoria, the party scene has developed into a major tourism market. It is common for intrastate and interstate travellers to fly or drive into Melbourne for the weekend and party for two days straight, returning home on the Sunday evening. The party tourism phenomenon is an existing market that has seen major developments in Melbourne over the past decade with the introduction of cheap domestic flights and nightclub incentives of free entry and free drink cards upon early arrival. Moreover, the affordable costs of a two night stay at a backpackers and the extra amount of discretionary income available for young people has seen this tourism market develop extensively. (Symons, 2004) reports that a study undertaken by the Australian Drug Foundation found that 60 per cent of patrons in Melbourne’s clubs and bars had tried ecstasy over the past six months. This pattern is not confined to Melbourne. The (National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, 2001) found it â€Å"staggering† that 20 per cent of people aged between 20 -29 had taken ecstasy. That figure is now taken conservatively as it was taken from the population in 2001. â€Å"It is clear that illicit drug use is relatively common among groups of Australian people, notably those involved in clubbing, dance music and alternative music subcultures† states (Holt, 2005) after conducting a study of drug use among youth in Australia. At the nightclub industry scene, Brendan Prendergast – president of Australia’s Crowd Control Employee’s Association – comments that â€Å"the Australian public’s only hearing the tip of the iceberg when it comes to drug use in Melbourne. Prendergast, who worked as a crown controller for 30 years, believes that a major reason why drugs are such an issue is because of the amount of illegal crowd controllers working in clubs and pubs (Nolan, 2007). This statement presents a relationship between Melbourne nightclubs and Ibiza nightclubs in regards to the involvement of nightclub employees in the facilitation of drugs in nightspots and as (Chesshyre, 2001) acknowledges; a major problem with the amount of drugs available in Ibiza has a connection with nightclub owners and security personal on the island. The difference between Melbourne and Ibiza, in relation to drug use in party nightspots, is the amount of preventative measures from within both the nightclub industry and strategies at local and national governments to prevent drug use. A report produced by the Australian National Council of Drugs (Price, 2000) discussing the issues of drug use in Melbourne states that â€Å"there are a number of judicial and police-diversion strategies being funded in the Melbourne area targeting drug use at the venue. In Ibiza however, drug preventative measures inside the venue are relatively scarce with (Govan, 2007) commenting, â€Å"Clubs are policed by their own security guards, with dealers still managing to ply their trade easily. † At the government level, drug strategies are non-funded and the introduction of preventative strategies through heavier police involvement in nightclub venues is desperately needed to stop the dealing of illicit drugs to new and existing users. Preventat ive Measures/ Minimisation Strategies – Interventions in dance music resorts (Bellis, Hughes, Bennett Thomson, 2003: 1717) identify that interventions are urgently needed in dance music resorts to prevent non-drug users from experimenting with illicit drugs and users from moving into a wider range of substances. Such interventions are currently scarce and therefore represent a missed opportunity to reduce the spread of illicit drug use. Moreover, (Deehan Saville, 2003) undertook a study to determine the scope of recreational drug use amongst clubbers in the South East of England. Key findings from the report found that many recreational drug users have actively sought out information about the potential health consequences arising from drug use and took measures to minimise the risk. This indicates the willingness that clubbers are likely to be receptive towards the provision of practical, evidence-based information focusing on safe use and reducing harm. Drug minimisation strategies related to Ibiza should focus on having educational information at major nightclub venues through either flyers in restrooms or leaflets upon entry. Furthermore, the same approach can be utilised at the hotels of interest for these club tourists to indicate the risk and minimise use before the individual is caught up in the nightclub atmosphere. Administering nightclub and after party curfews â€Å"The problem is that the party is non-stop†¦it’s difficult to keep going if you don’t take drugs† states Juan Pantaleoni, San Antonio’s town spokesperson (Fuchs, 2006). San Antonio, a town in Ibiza, is a renowned hot spot for British tourists looking to escape the pressures of home-life and party all night. It is San Antonio however that has started to deal with the issue of all night parties. Before the opening of its party season in 2007, the government banned so-called â€Å"after parties†, which start when the clubs close their doors and often run until noon that day. This strategy minimised the amount of drug influenced people on the streets during the day, reducing the potential risks of violence and contact with tourists who are not attracted to the destination for the party scene (Botsford, 2001). Ibiza would benefit from implementing the same strategy as San Antonio as its potential for success has been realised and regardless of the fact that it won’t stop drug taking, it will enable other tourists and locals to feel safer during the day. Cooperation between Ibiza government and origin destination Cooperation between the Ibiza government and that of tourists’ home country is desperately needed to help minimise the demand for first time drug users to experiment with drug taking. Focusing on the UK market, the demand for tourists to enter Ibiza’s party culture is an extensive market, with (Botsford, 2001) reporting that 700 000 British tourists arrive at the destination per year. Education for the tourist before they arrive in Ibiza is needed, wit possible strategies including information flyers at airports or on the plane, and information websites on the dangers of drug taking specific to the Ibiza nightlife. As presented earlier, individuals are open to risk information and having a wider spread of information outlets will increase the amount of tourists coming into contact with risk educational material. Bellis, Hughes Lowey, 2002) state that some countries have already developed approaches to nightlife health. However, growth in the international travel associated with nightlife and the additional risks posed by nightclubbing in an unfamiliar country mean both interventions and basic health and safety measures are now required on an international basis. Conclusion The impact of drugs within Ibiza is something of serious concern for government officials and the future of tourism at the destination. Ibiza has adopted a drug culture that is not only affecting the island and its residents, but is starting to develop a negative destination image. Immediate strategies to combat the ‘out of control’ spiral that party tourism is having on the destination are needed, and these strategies must be implemented and evaluated efficiently. A drug sub-culture is a problem for Ibiza to attract other potential tourism markets with many wanting the perception of safety and relaxation when on a holiday. The party tourism arket is starting to restrict the experience of other tourists, and if strategies aren’t implemented, these tourists will start to relocate elsewhere. Ibiza would benefit from understanding the scope of drug problems in countries where the majority of their tourists come from to get insight into the drug implementation strategies that have been proven to work. It is crisis time for Ibiza and cooperation between local governments, the Spaniard government and ni ghtclub owners is needed to restrict the drug issue as a whole industry, instead of trying to implement strategies that don’t have the funding or support of key stakeholders. Ibiza should move quickly in implementing new strategies, before party tourism is the only culture identified by tourists and they lose lucrative markets. References Author Withheld. (2007). Ibiza. News Weekly, 15(52), p. 2-5. Retrieved May 26, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Bellis, M. , Hughes, K. , Bennett, A. Thomson, R. (2003, April 3). The role of an international nightlife resort in the proliferation of recreational drugs. Addiction, 98(12), 1713-1721. Retrieved April 9, 2008, from Academic Source Premier. Bellis, M. , Hale, G. , Bennett, A. , Chaudry, M. Kilfoyle, M. 2000, April 25). Ibiza Uncovered: changes in substance use and sexual behaviour amongst young people visiting an international night-life resort. International Journal of Drug Policy, 11, 235-244. Retrieved April 9, 2008, from Business Source Premier database. Bellis, M. , Hughes, K. Lowey, H. (2002). Healthy Nightclubs and recreational substance use: from a harm minimization to a healthy setting approach. Addictive behaviours, 27(6), p. 1025. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. Bjortomt, O. (2003, January 12). Ibiza gives young first taste of illicit drugs. The (United Kingdom) Times, p. 1. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Botsford, F. (2001). Clampdown on Ibiza Nightlife. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/europe/1435942. stm Chesshyre, T. (2001, July 28). Where drugs are sold like sweets. The (United Kingdom) Times, p. 1. Retrieved April 3, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Couzens, G. (2006, August 13). Guns wars on party island. UK Sunday Mirror. Retrived May 27, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. Curley, G. (2007, April). Make Ibiza Mine! Vanity Fair, 560, 252-265. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Dann, G. M. S. (1997). Tourist Behaviour as Controlled Freedom. Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Bureau of Tourism Research Deehan, A. Saville, E. (2003). Calculating the risk: recreational drug use among clubbers in the South East of England. Home Office Online Report, 43(11), p. 12-53. Retrieved May, 25, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Forsyth, A. , Barnard. M. McKeganey, N. (1997) Musical performance as an indicator of adolescent drug use. Addiction, 92, 1317-1325. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Fuchs, D. (2006) Crimewave may mean the party is over for Ibiza. The Guardian, Retrived May 28, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Garratt, S. (1998). Adventures in Wonderland: a Decade of Club Culture. London, United Kingdom: Headline Book Publishing. Govan, F. (2007, July 16). Special Report: Ibiza’s Failing Drug Clampdown. Retrieved May 17, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Gardiner, A. M. (2007). Ibiza, Spain. New York Times, p. 13. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. Harman, D. (2002, August 28). On a Mediterranean isle, drugs eclipse sun and sand. Christian Science Monitor, 94(192), p. 7. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Hughes, K. , Bellis, M. Chaudry, M. (2004). Elevated substance use in casual labour at international nightlife resorts: a case control study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 15(3), 211-213. Retrieved April 9, 2008, from Business Source Premier database. Hughes, K. , Bellis, M. (2006, February 21). Sexual behaviour among casual labour at international nightlife resorts: a case control study. BMC Public Health. Retrieved April 9, 2008, from Business Source Premier database. Hughes, K. (2004). A potent cocktail. Nursing Standard, 18(47), p. 14. Retrieved May 25, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Holt, M. (2005). Young people and illiciot drug use in Australia. Social Research, 3, p. 1-6. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. Horner, S. Swarbrooke, J. (2004). International Cases in Tourism Management. London, United Kingdom: Butterworth-Heinemann Nash, E. (2008 April 6). Ibiza: Is the party over?. Retrieved April 10 from http://www. independent. o. uk/news/europe/ibiza-is-the-party-over-805249. html. Marinos, S. (2004). Holiday Rape. Cleo 378, p. 156-160. Retrived May 28, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. McClure, R. (2008, May 9). Party all day and all night in glittery, glamorous Miami. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. Nolan, K. (2007). Fed: Time to Bounce the Bouncers. AAP Australian National News Wire. Retrived May 23, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Price, K. (2000) Melbourne AOD Agency Forum report. Retrieved May 26, 2008, from http://www. ancd. org. u/publications/forums/forum7. htm Symons. E. (2000, July 12). How safe are you on holiday? The Sun. Retrieved May 26, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. Townsend, M. (2006). Gang Violence erupts as rave craze returns. The Guardian, Retrived May 28, 2008, from Australian/New Zealand Reference Centre database. UNWTO. (2007). World U. S International Arrivals Reciepts. Retrieved May 27, 2008, from http://tinet. ita. doc. gov/outreachpages/inbound. world_us_intl_arrivals. html Warncke, C. (2007). Ibiza: DC10, Bora Bora, Amnesia Shut Down. Retrieved May 23, 2008, from www. inistryofsound. com/news/features/20070608_ibizaclubs Weaver, D. Lawton, L. (2006) Tourism Management (3rd Ed. ) Milton, QLD, Austral;ia: Wiley Publishers. Bibliography Woods, G. (1993). Drug Abuse in Society. Santa Barbra, California, USA: ABC-CLIO publishers South, N. (1999). Drugs: Cultures, Controls and Everyday Life. London, Great Britain: Athenaeum Press, Gateshed. Drug Trafficking and Drug Abuse. (1971). Report from the Senate Select Committee. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government Publishing Service. Munns, R. (2007). Tourists flock to Spain for 2007. Retrieved May 27, 2008, from Academic Search Premier.

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